The aim of present study is to investigate the differences in the regulation of Proto and Arky neurons involved in basal ganglia movement by observing the electrophysiological characteristics of the two subtypes of gammaaminobutyric acid neurons after exerciseinduced fatigue.Healthy male Wistar rats (260~300 g) were randomly divided into control group (CG), 1day fatigue group (1FG), 3day fatigue group (3FG) and 7day fatigue group (7FG). The progressive increasing load treadmill program was used to establish a repetitive exhausted exerciseinduced fatigue model. The spontaneous firing activity of neurons in the external globus pallidus was recorded by the in vivo extracorporeal recording technique of the glass microelectrode. According to the firing characteristics of GABA neurons,the Proto and Arky subtypes were classified.After exerciseinduced fatigue, the highfrequency regular firing activity of Proto neurons in the external globus pallidus decreased significantly(P<0.01), and the activity of neurons weakened. The lowfrequency firing activity of Arky neurons enhanced significantly(P< 0.01), the activity of neurons increased.The burst/10 s, duration and burst index of burst activity of Proto and Arky neurons increased with the accumulation of exerciseinduced fatigue (P<0.01), and the changes of Arky neurons were more obvious than Proto neurons (P<0.01).Two subtypes of GABA neurons in the external globus pallidus participate in the regulation of exerciseinduced fatigue in different firing patterns. The enhancement of burst activity is one of the characteristics of their common firing activity, which may be related to the excessive activation of indirect pathway caused by exerciseinduced fatigue, and also a compensatory performance of neuronal electrical activity when basal ganglia is dysfunctional.

As an easily performed modality of health behaviors, exercise has been found to be substantially effective in combating depression. Major research attention has been directed towards the mechanisms of such effects, which would help to understand, from a practical perspective, how to better design exercise interventions to reduce depression. This study reviewed studies on research advancements in the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise′s effect on depression, including monoamine hypothesis, neuroendocrine hypothesis, neuroinflammatory hypotheses, neurogenesis hypothesis, and hypothesis of anatomical and structural changes in brain. According to accumulative research evidence, these hypotheses have received empirical support. However, due to restrains in research design and methodology, to date, none of these hypotheses have been sufficiently confirmed by empirical evidence and universally accepted. Future studies are warranted to further explore the following issues: the differential effects of exercise characteristics on the neurobiological changes associated with depression, the possible reciprocal and interactive relationship between different neurobiological pathways, as well as the ecological validity of studies.

In order to explore the effect of different levels of physical activity on college students′ depression and the corresponding metabolic mechanism, Beck depression inventory (BDI) and selfrating depression scale (SDS) were used to screen out the students with depression. 18 weeks of high physical activity intervention were carried out and urine samples were collected from the subjects.The differential metabolite detection and related metabolic pathway analysis were performed on the samples by liquidphase mass spectrometry (LCMS) and MetPA database. The results showed that physical activity intervention group had a significant improvement on the depressive symptoms.The depression group screened 15 differential metabolites (4↑11↓), involving 5 metabolic pathways (ubiquinone biosynthesis, glycineserinethreonine metabolic, tyrosine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis).After intervention with high physical activity, 33 differential metabolites (19↑14↓) were screened, involving 8 metabolic pathways (ubiquinone biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, alanineaspartateglutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism, arginineproline metabolism and glutamineglutamate metabolism).The high level of physical activity has a significant improvement on the depressive symptoms of college students.Its metabolic mechanism is related to the improvement of three pathways: ubiquinone biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism under longterm high physical activity intervention.

To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise combined with garcinia cambogia extract on lipid metabolism of obese female college students, taking 40 female college students as subjects, they were divided into 4 groups： placebo group (group A), aerobics group (group B), garcinia cambogia extract group (group C)； aerobics exercise combined with garcinia cambogia extract extract group (Group D). Biochemical indicators such as Triglyceride (TG), serum total cholesterol (STC), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and body fat(PBF) before and after the test (12 weeks) were tested.Morphological indicators such as body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waisttohip ratio (WHR), skin pleat thickness (SST), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), abdominal skin pleat thickness (AST) were tested. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of TG, STC, HDLC, LDLC and PBF between group A and group before and after 12 weeks of experiment (P>0.05).The content of TG, STC, LDLC and PBF for Groups B, C and D were decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the content of HDLC increased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the changes of BM, BMI and WHR in group A (P>0.05). The BM, BMI and WHR in Group B, C and D decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the changes of SST, TST and AST in group A (P>0.05). The levels of SST, TST and AST in Group B, Group C and Group D decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results showed that the effect of garcinia cambogia extract is to limit fat synthesis (restriction fat), rather than to promote the decomposition of fat, the extract of garcinia cambogia HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ECC, which can reduce ECC activity, reduce the acetyl CoA of synthetic lipids, and reduce the synthesis of fat and cholesterol, thereby improving body fat and blood lipid levels and body morphology. Aerobics combined with garcinia cambogia extract has a more significant effect on fat metabolism control in obese female college students, which can reduce fat synthesis, promote fat consumption, reduce body fat (blood lipids), and shape good body shape，maintain good health.

To research the improving effects of Tai Chi exercise on the glucose Metabolism to abnormal glycoMetabolism patients, PubMed, WOS, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane, CNKI, WanFang and SinoMed electronic databases were retrieved, and the Metaanalysis was conducted through RevMan 5.3 and StataSE 12.0 software. Tai Chi exercise can significantly decrease FBG (SMD=-0.85，95%CI is-1.17～-0.52，P＜0.000 1), 2 h PBG(MD=-1.03，95%CI is -1.34～-0.73，P＜0.000 01) ,HOMA(MD= -0.69，95%CI is-0.06～-1.31，P=0.03) and HbA1c（MD= -0.76，95%CI is-1.38～-0.14，P=0.02）, while can not on TG and TC(P＞0.05).Meta regression analysis indicated that the Tai Chi exercise type might be the main source of FBG combined effect heterogeneity.So Tai Chi exercise could be significantly improve glucose Metabolism function, insulin sensitivity compared to control group, and Tai Chi exercise type could be influence the improve effect of improving FBG.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of Maca on the contents of glutamate (Glu) and γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) in striatum of rats with exercise fatigue, and the expression of (PV) positive neurons and glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1).The content of Glu and GABA in rat striatum was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the expression of PV positive neurons and VGLUT1 in rat striatum was detected by immunofluorescence technique after the establishment of exercise fatigue model.The results show that the contents of Glu and GABA in rat striatum increased significantly after exercise fatigue (P＜0.01), and the contents of Glu and GABA decreased significantly after gastric perfusion of Maca (P＜0.01 and P＜0.05).After exercise fatigue, the expression of VGLUT1 and PV positive neurons in rat striatum was significantly increased (P＜0.01).The expression of VGLUT1 was significantly decreased after gastric perfusion of Maca(P<0.05),and there was a tendency to decrease the expression of PV positive neurons(P＞0.05).Supplementation of Maca could reduce the content of Glu and GABA in striatum of exercise fatigue rats by inhibiting the expression of VGLUT1 and PV positive neurons, and play a role in delaying exercise fatigue.

In order to investigate the effect of Tibetan medicine ratanasampil (RNSP) on the hippocampal mitochondrial fusion, fission and the ability of learning and memory in Alzheimer′s disease (AD), APP/PS1 mice were used as experimental subjects in. The spatial learning and memory ability of the APP/PS1 mice, the mitochondrial fusion and fission, the mitochondrial morphology and function of the mice were tested respectively by means of Morris water maze, RTPCR, transmission electron microscopy, ELISA and so on. The results showed that continuous administration of RNSP for 12 weeks could improve the spatial learning and memory ability of APP/PS1 mice, upregulate the expression of mitochondrial fusion genes mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, downregulate the expression of mitochondrial fission gene Drp1, improve the morphological structure of mitochondria, and upregulate the expression of ATP Synthetase C and ATP level in the hippocampus. It is suggested that the mechanism of RNSP improving the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice may be related to the improvement of mitochondrial fusion, fission and subsequent energy metabolism in hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice induced by RNSP.