Taking 6 819 traditional village lists published by the government as the research object, the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese traditional villages and its influencing factors were studied using ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques and methods. The results show that Chinese traditional villages present the distribution characteristics of “core-edge” in space, and formed four agglomeration areas. Chinese traditional villages have strong imbalance in the spatial distribution of each provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities),cities and counties, and which are mostly distributed in the provincial border areas. The spatial distribution of Chinese traditional villages is affected by both natural environment and social environment, which mainly distributed in the valley, basin, low mountain, hilly and middle mountain far away from the main grain producing areas, and in the sunny slope areas or riverside areas far away from the central city and the economic and transportation less developed. The main factors influencing the spatial distribution of Chinese traditional villages from strong to weak are: rural per capita disposable income, slope direction, population density, river network density, distance from central city, elevation, agricultural land, traffic density.