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Spatial agglomeration characteristics and population adaptability of urban medical resources in Xi’an
YAN Jiahui, MA Beibei, DANG Xing, YUAN Shuimei, XUE Dongqian, SONG Yongyong
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Spatial agglomeration characteristics and population adaptability of urban medical resources in Xi’an
The rational and effective allocation of medical resources constitutes a crucial aspect of contemporary urban public space governance. Employing the framework of adaptability theory, an analysis framework to examine the spatial adaptability between urban medical resources and residential populations is constructed. Using Xi’an main urban area as a case study and leveraging point of interest (POI) data on medical resources, the research employs kernel density analysis, Ripley’s K function, location correlation, and Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method to explore the spatial agglomeration modes, scale thresholds, and spatial adaptability relationships with population scale of urban medical resources in Xi’an. Results reveal that urban medical resources in Xi’an exhibit a typical “core-periphery” structure and demonstrate a dependence on the main axis of urban development, with significant agglomeration effects observed in high-level development zones and satellite cities with CBD characteristics. Moreover, the characteristic scales corresponding to peak intensity of various medical resources are consistent, typically representing about 1/4 of the corresponding circle diameter when abstracted into circular areas of equal size. Additionally, the bidirectional location correlation model between urban medical resources and residential communities demonstrates an “asymmetric” structure, with significant leading effects of large-scale public medical resources in population allocation. Overall, the adaptability relationship between urban medical resources and population scale in Xi’an follows a circle decay structure of “strong center, weak periphery”, with different types of medical resources exhibiting differentiated characteristics in various urban circles. This reflects the compensation substitution effect and its spatial manifestation among hierarchical medical resource diagnosis and treatment systems under the dual allocation of urban macro planning and market resources.
urban medical resources / spatial agglomeration / population distribution / adaptability / Xi’an city {{custom_keyword}} /
Tab.1 Determination of service radius of urban medical resources in Xi’an表1 西安城市医疗资源服务半径的确定 |
| 类型 | 核算思路和步骤 | 服务半径d0/km |
|---|---|---|
| 医院类 | ①依据西安城市道路网数据建立OD成本矩阵,计算每家医院与每个居住小区的OD距离;②考虑到三甲医院的综合服务功能,分别核算三甲医院与其他医院距居住小区的OD值,d三甲医院→居住小区=9.88 km、d居住小区→三甲医院=10.67 km、d其他医院→居住小区=9.91 km、d居住小区→其他医院=10.76 km;③核算医院类的OD距离均值为10.31 km,参考相关研究[41-42],确定本文医院类医疗资源的服务半径为10 km。 | 10 |
| 诊所类 | 根据诊所类医疗资源属于街道级医疗设施的服务特点,采用如下步骤核算服务半径:①基于ArcGIS 10.6核算研究区内西安市各街道的平均面积S平均值=16 km2;②核算与各街道平均面积最为接近的正六边形的边长为2.5 km;③参考相关研究中城市居民就医出行的距离特征[43],确定本文诊所类医疗资源的服务半径为2.5 km。 | 2.5 |
| 药店类 | 参考《“健康西安2030”行动规划》、15 min生活圈规划和城市居民就医出行的距离特征[43-44],确定本文药店类医疗资源的服务半径为1.5 km。 | 1.5 |
Fig.5 Ripley’s L(d) of urban medical resources in Xi’an图5 西安城市医疗资源的Ripley’s L(d) 注:L(d)min和L(d)max分别表示低值置信区间和高值置信区间的包迹线; L(csr)表示完全空间随机分布的状态,一般被用为比较基线。网络版为彩图。 |
Tab.2 Spatial agglomeration characteristics of urban medical resources in Xi’an表2 西安城市医疗资源的空间集聚特征 |
| 类型 | 空间集聚模式 | 特征尺度d/km | 集聚强度L(d) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 医疗资源整体 | “核心-外围”结构+主发展轴依赖 | 9.19 | 4.93 |
| 医院类 | 向心型极化,非均衡性强 | 8.36 | 4.01 |
| 诊所类 | 极化减弱,非均衡性居中 | 8.81 | 5.04 |
| 药店类 | 轴向延伸,非均衡性弱 | 8.63 | 3.41 |
Tab.3 Locational correlation between urban medical resources and residential communities in Xi’an表3 西安城市医疗资源与居住小区的区位关联性 |
| 医疗资源的区位趋向 | 数值 | 空间关联性 | 居住小区的区位趋向 | 数值 | 空间关联性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q医院类→居住小区 | 0.764 | 离散 | Q居住小区→医院类 | 6.743 | 强趋近 |
| Q诊所类→居住小区 | 1.068 | 随机 | Q居住小区→诊所类 | 2.216 | 中趋近 |
| Q药店类→居住小区 | 1.297 | 弱趋近 | Q居住小区→药店类 | 1.708 | 中趋近 |
Tab.4 Descriptive statistics and Gini coefficient of accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’an表4 西安城市医疗资源可达性的描述性统计与基尼系数 |
| 类型 | 数量/个 | 均值/(个·千人-1) | 标准差 | 变异系数 | 基尼系数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 医疗资源整体 | 5 583 | 218.4 | 0.361 5 | 1.655 2 | 0.772 5 |
| 医院类 | 496 | 30.3 | 0.024 4 | 0.805 2 | 0.733 6 |
| 诊所类 | 2 025 | 54.4 | 0.043 9 | 0.806 9 | 0.774 1 |
| 药店类 | 3 062 | 135.2 | 0.350 4 | 2.591 7 | 0.803 6 |
Tab.5 The circular decay law of the accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’an表5 西安城市医疗资源可达性的圈层衰减律 单位:% |
| 圈层 | 医疗资源整体 | 医院类 | 诊所类 | 药店类 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 传统内城区→成熟建成区 | 39.52 | 21.69 | 46.23 | 40.11 |
| 成熟建成区→新兴扩展区 | 8.38 | 38.26 | 33.04 | -16.12 |
| 新兴扩展区→城乡过渡区 | 32.37 | 62.73 | 11.14 | 22.05 |
| 注:衰减率是指相邻两个圈层的可达性水平之差除以前一个圈层的可达性,计算式为β= |
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In order to explore the evolution trend and influence mechanism of the adaptation of the urban medical resources and the development of new urbanization in China, this study uses a variety of methods to conduct research, and the main conclusions are as follows: First of all, the spatial distribution of China’s medical resources has obvious spatial heterogeneity, manifested as a shift from scattered point-like distribution to regional clustered distribution, the optimization of medical resources and spatial reorganization in urban agglomerations make urban agglomerations a key gathering area, and although the distribution of medical resources is heterogeneous in space, the overall distribution is balanced. Secondly, the shift of the center of gravity of China’s medical resource allocation from 2003 to 2017 showed multiple turning characteristics, which reflected the multiple transformation process of the medical resource allocation and the development power of the medical industry, and finally the center of gravity showed a shift to the southeast, and the spatial agglomeration characteristics of medical resources show a gradually deepening characteristic, the hot spots for the allocation of medical resources have shifted from North China and East China to the south. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area have certain advantages in the compatibility of public service functions with urban development, forming a cluster of hot spots for the allocation of medical resources. In addition, the spatial mismatch between medical resources and the development of new urbanization has gradually improved, the proportion of mismatched cities has decreased from 42.8% to 30.7%, and the spatial balance of adaptation has gradually emerged, but the rate of adaptation improvement has decreased. Under the comprehensive influence of policy environment, industrial foundation and location conditions, the phenomenon of adaptive grouping driven by the externalities of core cities and sub-central cities of urban agglomerations has gradually emerged. Finally, welfare effects, demand-driven and government guidance have all promoted the spatial adaptation of medical resources and new urbanization, while market orientation has a stronger influence on neighboring areas. {{custom_citation.content}}
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城市医疗设施合理布局及其空间公平性是地理学重要议题，最大可达性均等（MAE）模型是空间公平导向优化配置模型的重要进展，但已有研究对于模型空间公平测度指标的探讨仍较缺乏。从公共服务可达性及空间公平内涵出发，选出了国内外研究中常用的10种空间公平测度指标，对MAE模型的优化目标函数进行扩展。以深圳市医疗设施为例，对这些模型进行了应用和综合比较。研究发现：① 从空间公平内涵来看，变异系数、基尼系数、平均绝对偏差和帕尔玛比值4个指标较适用于医疗设施空间公平研究。② 从模型优化效果来看，基于方差、标准差、变异系数、帕尔玛比值、平均绝对偏差和泰尔指数的MAE模型表现较好。③ 综合来看，变异系数、平均绝对偏差和帕尔玛比值3个指标能够较好地测度医疗设施空间公平，以这3个指标为目标函数构建改进的MAE模型，能够提升模型优化效果。本文进一步发展了空间公平导向的设施优化配置模型，能够为医疗设施等公共服务设施布局规划提供科学方法支撑。
Rational configuration and spatial equity of urban medical facilities is an important topic in geography. The Maximal Accessibility Equality (MAE) model is an important progress in the field of spatial equity-oriented location-allocation models. However, existing studies have paid less attention to the spatial equity measures in MAE models. Aiming to fill this research gap, this study attempts to clarify the meaning of spatial equity of medical accessibility. Based on a review of existing studies, 10 spatial equity measures are selected for investigation in this study. The MAE mode is extended by incorporating these measures. Using medical facilities in Shenzhen as a case study, these improved models are applied, evaluated and compared. The following findings are drawn: (1) From the perspective of theoretical foundation behind the measures, the Coefficient of Variation (CV), Gini coefficient, Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Palma ratio are appropriate for public service spatial equity studies. (2) Based on the performance of models, the improved MAE models incorporating Variance, Standard Deviation, CV, Palma ratio, MAD and Theil index are advantageous. (3) Overall, three measures, including CV, MAD and Palma ratio, are suggested for measuring and optimizing the spatial equity of medical services. Improved MAE models adopting these three measures as objective functions can significantly improve the spatial equity of accessibility to medical services. This study contributes to the literature by improving the spatial equity-oriented location-allocation models. It can provide scientific methods for the spatial planning of public service facilities. {{custom_citation.content}}
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大城市通常是医疗资源最为丰富的地区，但普遍存在配置不均的问题。精准地衡量城市医疗公共服务的空间异质性、合理规划医疗公共空间，是实现城市稳定健康发展的重要保障。以上海市为例，运用改进两步移动搜索法，从乡镇（街道）尺度测算医疗服务设施的空间可达性，并结合基尼系数和空间自相关分析探究上海市医疗服务设施可达性的空间分异特征，探讨了影响上海市医疗服务资源可达性空间格局的主要因素。研究表明：上海市医疗公共服务可达性自中心城区向郊区逐渐递减；可达性高值区集中在外环线以内及其沿线地区，可达性低值区集中在远郊区。医疗资源呈现向心化集聚，满足了中心城区高密度的人口和体量庞大的老年人口就医需求；中心城区医疗服务资源配置相对均衡，可达性差异较小，而郊区医疗服务的可达性差异较大；上海市医疗服务可达性空间格局受人口密度和经济发展显著影响，上海市政府医疗财政支付对街道尺度的医疗服务设施空间可达性作用较小。在未来，在城市医疗卫生服务资源配置中注重人口集聚导向，建立医疗卫生人员双向流动的常态化机制是提升上海市医疗公共服务能力，优化城市医疗公共设施可达性的重要方向。
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王东华, 曹小曙, 黄晓燕. 中国集中连片特困地区医疗可达性对贫困的影响[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 49(2):1-14.
揭示医疗与贫困的作用关系，是探究因病致贫、因病返贫现象的重要内容。通过构建医疗资源指数与医疗设施可达性评价指标，分析了2008—2017年中国集中连片特困地区677个县域医疗可达性与贫困的时空特征，并通过选取更优的空间误差模型分析了医疗可达性对贫困的影响。结果表明：（1）中国集中连片特困地区贫困呈现波动上升的特点，并具有明显的空间集聚特征，空间差异呈现出前期基本稳定、后期快速增加的阶段性特征。（2）医疗资源指数由整体较低转变为胡焕庸线东南侧较高、西北侧较低的分布格局，医疗资源指数格局得到优化；医疗设施可达性由最初各类型较均衡分布转变为以低值为主体的格局，医疗设施可达性有了较大水平提升。（3）医疗可达性可以有效降低贫困程度，集中连片特困地区各县域的医疗资源指数每提高1%会产生0.006%的减贫效应，医疗设施可达性每提高1%会产生0.133%的减贫效应。（4）医疗可达性对不同贫困程度地区的影响具有差异性，相较于低贫困地区，医疗资源指数具有更好的“亲贫性”。至2017年，医疗资源指数每提高1%，对低贫困地区会产生0.047%的减贫效应，而对高贫困地区会产生0.353%的减贫效应；医疗设施可达性只对低贫困地区具有一定的减贫效应，至2017年，医疗设施可达性每提高1%，对低贫困地区会产生0.083%的减贫效应。提升医疗卫技人员数，可以提高总体的医疗资源指数，进而可以提升集中连片特困地区县域的减贫成效，尤其是对高贫困地区的减贫成效。此外，提升居民就医便捷程度比提升医疗资源指数具有更大的减贫效应，但仅限于低贫困地区。
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认知资源要素在地表人文活动中的空间交互性对地理学研究具有重要意义。本文基于人文-经济地理学相关理论,从“单资源-复合资源-资源网络”多尺度视角出发,初步构建了医疗健康资源空间交互研究的基本理论框架,利用2012年和2020年百度地图POI数据,综合运用Ripley's K函数、格网熵指数、协同区位商以及社会网络分析等定量方法,从集聚交互、功能交互和网络交互3个方面研究郑州市医疗健康资源空间交互及其网络演化特征。结果表明：① 从集聚交互上看,各类医疗健康资源在数量和增速上扩张明显,同时呈现出显著集聚特征且集聚程度逐步增强,相对而言,更具综合性的医院健康资源的集聚程度最高;多距离下各类医疗健康资源集聚规模差异在不断缩小,集聚交互向良性方向发展。② 从功能交互上看,医疗健康资源的功能主导类型逐渐复杂,交互复合性逐步增强。医疗健康资源功能交互空间格局经历了主导类型由“单功能为主、多功能兼容”向“多功能为主、单功能为辅”转变,由点状格局到连片发展的蔓延模式与空间跳跃的飞地模式并存的转变特征。③ 从网络交互上看,医疗健康资源网络密度基本保持稳定,网络联系性质演化特征明显。诊疗与医药健康资源始终处于强联系的地位,存在集聚促进机制;理疗健康资源在关联网络中联系强度逐步提高,网络地位有所上升;而医院健康资源以其独有的规模大、高品质和综合性等特征在网络体系中具有较强独立性。
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公共服务设施是中国和谐宜居城市建设与人民美好生活愿望的重要构成。国内外城市公共服务设施配置的研究主题有所差异,国外研究主要关注公共服务设施配置的区位选择、可达性、空间公平和社会经济效应等方面,国内研究更加重视公共服务设施配置的优化布局、可达性、空间格局、社会分异、居民需求和满意度以及配置影响因素等内容。结合国内外研究现状的评析,论文认为中国城市公共服务设施配置研究需要加强公共服务设施配置的空间规律、社会公平、绩效评价和空间优化等方向研究。通过对国内外城市公共服务设施配置研究进展的理论总结与评述,以期促进中国城市公共服务设施配置的理论提升与科学实践。
Public service facilities are the essential part of both harmonious livable city construction and people's desire for a better life in China. Our findings show the research topics regarding public service facilities allocation varies at home and abroad. English literature focuses mainly on the location choice, accessibility, spatial equity and social economic effects of public service facilities allocation, while domestic studies pay enormous attention to the optimized layout, accessibility, spatial patterns, social differentiation, residents' needs and satisfaction, as well as influencing factors of public service facilities allocation. Combining the prior domestic and foreign research, future studies in China should be more concerned with spatial distribution regularities, social equity, performance evaluation and spatial optimization of public service facilities allocation. By reviewing the related research progress at home and abroad, this study can contribute to promoting both theory ascension and scientific practice of urban public service facilities allocation in China. {{custom_citation.content}}
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翟石艳, 何新新, 孔云峰, 等. 基于最优供需分配的公共设施空间可达性分析[J]. 地理学报, 2022, 77(4):1028-1038.
空间可达性是衡量公共服务设施公平性的重要指标,在医疗、教育、休闲等公共服务的布局规划中得到广泛应用。然而已有设施服务可达性模型难以充分反映服务供需关系,计算指标也缺乏物理意义。本文提出新的最优供需分配的公共设施空间可达性计算方法（OSD）取代现有方法。该方法基于最优供需分配模型,将设施服务分配给需求者,根据分配结果计算空间可达性指标。给定服务设施与需求的空间分布,以最小化旅行成本为目标,顾及设施服务能力,采用经典的运输问题模型确定最优的服务供需分配方案,进而度量服务的空间可达性。以郑州市金水区社区卫生服务为例,求解25个中心与1333个居住小区的最优服务配置。使用最优配置结果确定每个设施的服务范围、每个居住小区使用服务的旅行时间,以及特定时间阈值的服务覆盖比率。与流行的两步移动搜索法相比,新方法的计算指标具有明确的物理意义。本文提出的可达性评价方法无需参数,计算高效,结果易于解释,在公共服务评价及设施布局规划方面具有应用潜力。
Spatial accessibility is an important index for measuring fairness in public services such as health care, education, and outdoor leisure. It has also been widely used in the layout planning of public facilities. However, the existing accessibility models cannot fully illustrate the direct relationship between service supply and demand, and thus, the accessibility indicators cannot be explained with explicit meanings. This article introduces a new method for measuring accessibility based on optimal supply and demand allocation, which is different from the supply-demand relationships in existing methods. Given the supply locations, the demand locations, their attributes, and the travel costs between them, the transportation problem model is used to allocate services to demands. The classical model can be easily solved with optimal total travel cost. Based on the model results, the spatial accessibility of services can be measured. The proposed method was tested on healthcare services in a district in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. There were 25 healthcare centres and 1333 residential communities in the study area. The instance model was effectively built by an open-source MIP solver in 2.2 seconds. The service area of each healthcare centre and the travel time from each community were obtained according to the modelling results. In addition, the coverage percentages with predefined service thresholds were calculated. The proposed method was also compared with popular methods, such as the two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA), Gaussian 2SFCA, and gravity 2SFCA. Areas with poor healthcare services were identified by using the results from the three 2SFCA methods. However, the spatial variation in service accessibility might be very different when selecting different search thresholds and/or distance decay coefficients. The optimal supply-demand accessibility method (OSD) proposed in this study has advantages such as being parameter-free, easy to calculate, and easy to explain. The authors believe that the method has application potential to replace the existing methods in evaluating public services and facility planning. {{custom_citation.content}}
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基于长沙市中心城区空间点数据、遥感影像面数据和统计年鉴数据,主要运用Ripley’k函数、协同区位商和两步移动搜索法等定量方法,从集聚性、邻近性和可达性3个方面研究长沙市健康资源与人口分布的空间关联特征。结果表明：①城市健康资源与人口分布整体上均表现出集聚特征,但多尺度下集聚规模和强度差异明显,间接反映出二者在空间布局协调性上有待提高。②城市健康资源与人口分布之间的邻近性较差,相互之间呈现出非邻近特征,表明二者在空间分布上趋向于远离对方,联系紧密程度较低,但不同类型健康资源与人口之间邻近程度也各不相同。③城市健康资源可达性在空间布局上属于中心-外围结构,然而城市健康资源可达性与人口密度分布在县区和街道尺度上均出现一定程度的不匹配状况,说明城市健康资源在供给和需求空间配置上存在错位问题。最后针对城市健康资源与人口分布之间存在的问题,从“协调布局、邻近规划、精准配置”等方面提出具体的优化调控路径。
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乡村人居环境是农户日常生产生活据以展开的设施及条件,基于主客观比较视角的乡村人居环境适配性评价是践行“以人民为中心”的发展思想和统筹推进乡村振兴的客观要求。论文立足江汉平原公安县乡村抽样调查和访谈数据,以乡村生活空间可及性解析环境供给水平,以居民生活条件满意度解译农户需求意愿,以乡村人居环境适配性解构供需差异,据此提出乡村人居环境优化方向及路径。结果显示：2017年案例区乡村生活空间可及性聚集分布最大值为44.75%,隶属“中类”,以就业空间与休闲空间可及性最为薄弱;乡村居民生活条件满意度聚集分布最大值为0.467,隶属“中类”,其中农村自然环境与经济运行环境的满意度评价最低。主观需求与客观供给适配性在县域尺度和农户个体尺度均呈“中—中”类型适配模式,但在不同尺度的不同维度表现出差异性。研究结果可为案例地区及相似地域乡村人居环境建设与乡村振兴提供科学依据。
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运用核密度估计、耦合协调模型、空间杜宾模型等方法对中国老龄化、养老资源配置、养老资源配置与老龄化适配度的演化格局进行了探讨，并揭示空间适配的影响因素，研究发现：① 中国老龄化程度不断上升，且呈现“东高西低”空间特征；② 中国养老资源配置整体水平提高，空间分布上离散程度上升，各省（区、市）之间的绝对差异随着时间的推移呈扩大态势；③ 各省（区、市）养老资源与老龄化的空间适配度明显改善，适配度呈现东部沿海向中西部递减的发展格局，空间集聚程度不断提高；④ 养老投资、政策关注度、养老相关志愿者、老年人抚养比均推动本地养老资源与人口老龄化的空间适配，养老相关志愿者、老年人抚养比还具有明显的正向溢出效应，而老年人协会则抑制周边地区养老资源空间适配。
Whether the supply of pension resources matches the degree of aging is related to the allocation efficiency of pension resource and the welfare level of the elderly enjoying the related services equally. In the new era, the elderly in China have undergone profound changes in lifestyle, quality of life and life philosophy. Based on the needs of aging in the new era, rational allocation of old-age resources is of great significance for implementing the national strategy of actively responding to aging and promoting the high-quality development of the cause of aging. Using kernel density estimation, coupled coordination model and spatial Durbin model, this study discusses the evolution pattern of aging, the allocation of pension resources and the adaptation degree between the allocation of pension resources and aging in China. The study also reveals the influencing factors of the spatial adaptation between the allocation of pension resources and China’s aging. The results show that: 1) The degree of aging in China is increasing, and it presents the spatial characteristics of “high in the east and low in the west”. 2) In China, the overall level of pension resources allocation has been improved, and the degree of spatial dispersion has increased. The absolute difference between provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) has expanded with the passage of time. 3) The spatial adaptation between pension resources and aging has improved significantly, but the spatial heterogeneity is prominent, showing a declining development pattern from the eastern coast to the central and western regions as a whole; the agglomeration degree of spatial adaptation changes from strong to weak and then to strong. On the whole, the spatial agglomeration degree is constantly improving, but with the migration of time, it has a polarization trend. 4) The spatial adaptation between pension resources and aging has a significant positive spatial spillover effect. Among the influencing factors, pension investment and policy attention can promote the spatial adaptation of pension resources and population aging in this region; the elderly association reduces the spatial adaptability of the allocation of pension resources in neighboring provinces through spillover effect; the dependency ratio of old-age volunteers and the elderly can not only effectively promote the spatial adaptation of pension resources and aging in this province, but also improve the spatial adaptation of pension resources in neighboring provinces; the role of old-age institutions in spatial adaptation of pension resources is not obvious. {{custom_citation.content}}
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干旱区旅游业在促进区域社会经济发展的同时,也加剧了地区的水资源供需矛盾。针对中国干旱区水资源禀赋及旅游产业的特点,提出干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型。按照旅游业产值对地区生产总值贡献率、旅游业从业人员占地区就业人员比例、地区水资源禀赋约束等指标,构建综合测算干旱区旅游业用水供给量测算模型;从旅游“食、住、行、游、娱、购”全要素视角,建立由餐饮水足迹、住宿水足迹、能源水足迹、游览水足迹、购物水足迹等账户组成的旅游业用水需求量测算模型;针对“供给”与“需求”水量的数量关系,利用组合分析方法,构建旅游业用水供需适配性程度指数评价模型,并设定评价阈值,测算干旱区旅游业用水供给与需求适配性程度的评价等级。实证分析了新疆2025年旅游业用水供需适配性程度,得出结论：为使旅游业用水维持在“供需基本平衡”或“供需平衡”的状态,新疆旅游业规模最高发展速度应在15%以内,同时新疆政府必须保持社会用水量年均节水率在0.95%及以上;而如某年发生突发性事件,则其之后年份的旅游业规模发展速度可放宽至20%。
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以中国西部综合型大城市、老工业基地西安市为例,基于大规模调研数据,采用相对贫困概念和FGT指数研究城市内部微观单元贫困特征的空间分异与形成机理。结果表明,西安市整体的贫困状况较为缓和,贫困覆盖面广,但深度和强度较弱;随着城市圈层扩展,贫困属性呈现出“U”型演化曲线,表现出“高贫困、破碎、混杂—低贫困或非贫困、弱连续、较弱混杂—较低贫困、连续、内部分化、相对均一—较高贫困、相对连续、较强混杂”的演化规律,成熟建成区和新兴扩展区内侧分化区的贫困状况最弱;城市内部已基本发育成熟了旧城衰退型、发展剥夺型、传统工业衰退型、“城中村”型和新增长中心邻近型等5种表征不同贫困主体及户籍、住房等特征的贫困极核。西安城市贫困空间的结构特征是其社会经济发展的阶段性和区域性的集中体现,是在城市宏观社会经济和整体地域结构背景下,各收入阶层在生活成本、就业机会、公共资源、政策导向和社会心理亚文化圈等因素的作用下,通过接替、过滤、自主集聚、排斥隔离和强化等机制重塑城市社会空间的综合表现。
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任家怿, 王云. 基于改进两步移动搜索法的上海市黄浦区公园绿地空间可达性分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(5):774-783.
为解决高密度城市公园绿地供需不平衡的问题,论文提出了一套改进的两步移动搜索模型,并以上海市黄浦区为例,对其现有公园绿地进行步行条件下的空间可达性分析。首先从网络爬取研究范围内居住小区POI信息,将其聚合在边长100 m的正六边形蜂窝网内,计算得到每个人口单元的人数及人口密度,并利用百度地图API路径规划接口爬取各供给点和需求点间基于实时路况的出行时间;其次,以黄浦区2019年底已建公园绿地为例,从居住区人口需求、可达性分级、冷热点和盲区分析4个方面对其供需配置进行量化分析,结果表明,黄浦区公园绿地可达性水平整体北高南低,和人口密度分布呈负相关,存在供需错位问题,且仍有9.16%的显性盲区和16.5%的隐性盲区亟待消除。研究结果为进一步优化绿地空间布局和选址提供指导依据;最后从适度增量、盘活存量、社区共治3个方面提出建议,以期为黄浦区绿化“十四五”规划提供理论支持。
In order to solve the problem of unbalanced supply and demand of park green space in high density cities, this study used a Gaussian based two-step floating catchment area method to analyze the spatial accessibility of existing park green space in Huangpu District of Shanghai, under walking conditions. First, we extracted the point of interest (POI) data of residential areas from the Internet and aggregated them into a 100 m long hexagonal cellular network to calculate the number of people and population density, then through the Application Programming Interface (API) of Baidu Map we extracted the travel time between supply and demand points based on actual road conditions. Second, the paper took the park green space built by the end of 2018 in Huangpu District of Shanghai as an example, and considered the four aspects of residents' demand, accessibility classification, cold and hot spots, and blank areas. The results show that the accessibility level of park green space in Huangpu District is higher in the north and lower in the south, which is negatively correlated with the population density distribution. The dominant blind areas (9.16% of the total area) and the recessive blind areas (16.5% of the total area) should be eliminated. This study made a quantitative analysis on the supply and demand allocation, to provide guidance for the further optimization of green space layout and site selection. Finally, recommendations were made from three aspects of "increasing green space appropriately", "strengthening the quality of existing green space" and "community co-governance", in order to provide theoretical support for the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan of greening Huangpu District. {{custom_citation.content}}
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王少剑, 莫惠敏, 吕慧妮, 等. 区位因素影响下高铁站区产业结构特征:基于POI数据的实证分析[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(8):2016-2031.
高铁站被视为拉动城市经济增长的新型空间,研究其周边产业结构对指导高铁站区的开发具有重要意义。本文选取了全国范围内9个不同区位、不同等级的高铁站为研究对象,以高铁站周边3000 m范围内10类产业的POI信息作为研究数据,通过Ripley's K函数、核密度估计和产业指数等方法探索不同区位下高铁站区的产业结构特征。研究发现：① 当高铁站的等级规模相同时,高铁站距离城市中心越远,站区内产业POI总数一般就越少。其中,购物服务、餐饮服务、生活服务和公司企业4类产业的POI数量显著高于其他产业。② 所有高铁站区的产业在1500 m的观测距离内均呈现出显著的集聚分布特征。其中,中心站产业集聚程度的变化较为平缓,城区站产业集聚程度最高,变化幅度也更大,而新城站的规律特征不明显。③ 中心站的产业集聚区域主要分布在高铁站周边0~2500 m的范围内,城区站的产业集聚现象在500~2500 m范围内较为明显,而新城站的产业集聚区域则集中在0~1500 m、2000~3000 m的范围以内。④ 基本服务产业和衍生服务产业主要集中于内圈层和中间圈层,相关服务产业则主要分布在中间圈层和外圈层,各圈层内产业复合特征明显,且高铁站越远离城市中心,其对产业的辐射作用越弱,产业衰减趋势也越明显。基于以上结论,本文认为未来高铁站区的产业开发更应关注土地开发集约化和产业发展复合化。
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孟斌, 高丽萍, 李若倩. 基于协同区位商的北京城市职住要素空间关联[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(6):1380-1393.
就业地和居住地是城市居民工作以及生活的主要场所,同样也是城市空间结构最重要的组成要素,写字楼与居民楼空间关联性研究对深刻理解职住关系有着至关重要的作用。利用协同区位商方法,对北京市写字楼与居民楼空间关联总体特征和局域空间关联格局进行分析。研究表明：① 协同区位商作为一种测量点要素之间联系的方法,能够很好的应用到职住关系的研究中,对丰富职住关系度量指标体系也具有非常重要的意义。② 对北京市的实证分析结果显示,北京市写字楼与居民楼全局协同区位商值小于1,空间关联性较差,表明职住要素的空间联系总体较弱。③ 局域协同区位商的分析表明,北京写字楼与居民楼局域空间关联格局差异明显,不仅不同区域两者空间关联性强弱差别显著,而且不同价位的居民楼和写字楼展现出不同的空间关联特征。④ 北京职住要素空间关联性深受写字楼、居民楼本身布局的影响,其主要影响因素还需要进一步全面分析,加强此领域研究,将有助于城市规划中职住要素的合理空间布局。
Places of employment and residence are the main spaces in which urban residents work and live, as well as key elements of the urban spatial structure. Hence, thorough investigations of the spatial correlations of office and residential buildings are of great significance for the understanding of the spatial relationships of urban elements, especially that of job-housing relationships. In this study, the objects of the research were office and residential buildings in Beijing, China, and the global and local characteristics of the spatial relationships between job-housing elements were investigated using the collaborative location quotient method. The results demonstrate that: (1) The co-location quotient, a method used to measure the spatial correlations of point elements of a survey, can be effectively applied in studies of job-housing relationships, and contributes indicators and a method for the measurement of job-housing relationships. (2) The empirical analysis reveals that the global co-location quotient (GCLQ) of office and residential buildings in Beijing is below 1, indicating relatively weak spatial correlations of the job-housing elements in the city, which is consistent with the increasing job-housing separation. Overall, residential buildings are more attracted by office buildings, suggesting that the location selection of residential buildings is affected by the local distribution of office buildings, whereas the local distribution of office buildings is barely a consideration for the location selection of residential buildings. (3) The results of the local co-location quotient (LCLQ) demonstrate that the local relationships of office and residential buildings in Beijing vary significantly in space. As the distance from the urban center increases, the LCLQ of residential buildings to office buildings decreases, while the LCLQ of office buildings to residential buildings increases. Moreover, the spatial relationships of urban job-housing elements in the north and south areas of Beijing, the dividing line of which is Chang'an Avenue, are significantly different; the spatial correlation of office and residential buildings in the north area is relatively strong, while that in the south area is relatively weak (i.e., the distribution of residential buildings is independent of that of office buildings). Additionally, the result show that the spatial relationships of office and residential buildings are related to their prices. (4) Recently, researchers have turned from studies of the urban hierarchical structure based on theories of "the space of places" to studies of the trends of "the space of flows", namely population flow, logistics flow, and information flow. This study shares a similar logic, as it investigates the urban spatial structure from the perspective of elemental correlation. This research is of great significance for the understanding of the functional zones of living, working, recreation, and transportation in cities, and relevant studies will contribute to the reasonable spatial layout of job-housing elements in urban planning. {{custom_citation.content}}
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PDF(6149 KB)
Fig.1 Analytical frameworkFig.2 Research areaFig.3 Population scale of residential communities in Xi’an city
Tab.1 Determination of service radius of urban medical resources in Xi’anFig.4 Kernel density map of spatial distribution of medical resources in Xi’anFig.5 Ripley’s L(d) of urban medical resources in Xi’anTab.2 Spatial agglomeration characteristics of urban medical resources in Xi’anTab.3 Locational correlation between urban medical resources and residential communities in Xi’anTab.4 Descriptive statistics and Gini coefficient of accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’anFig.6 Scatter plot of urban medical resources accessibility and residential communities scale in Xi’anFig.7 Spatial differentiation of accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’anFig.8 Circle differentiation of accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’anTab.5 The circular decay law of the accessibility of urban medical resources in Xi’an/
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